Category: Sober living

When Does Social Drinking Become ‘Problem Drinking’?

It’s about social drinking and how it fits into your life. It’s easy for social drinking to become a habit. If you or a loved one is facing the challenges of a drinking problem or alcoholism, taking that first step to seek help can be incredibly difficult. With the right treatment approach, many individuals are able to successfully recover from alcohol addiction. Some other indications that your drinking is symptomatic of alcohol abuse include dealing with legal problems because of your drinking or an inability to stop drinking without help. Binge drinking, likewise, is not considered social drinking.

In some regions, alcohol is readily available and affordable, making it easier for individuals to consume excessive amounts. In many countries, alcohol companies heavily market their products as essential to socializing and having fun. These cultural expectations can create pressure to drink, even when an individual may not want to. For example, in some cultures, it is considered rude to refuse a drink when offered; in others, drinking is seen as a sign of masculinity or toughness. When alcohol is consumed excessively, individuals may become more impulsive and less able to make safe decisions. People often drink in social situations to relax, have fun, and feel more comfortable.

Public policies have played a significant role in managing social drinking and reducing alcohol-related harm. Additionally, interventions that teach students to monitor and assess their alcohol consumption can lead to safer drinking behaviors. Preventing the negative consequences of social drinking involves a multifaceted approach that includes setting personal limits, practicing mindful drinking, and understanding the risks involved. Men may experience more social rewards from alcohol, which can manifest as a social, contagious process where the presence of smiles within a group can influence drinking behavior (Fairbairn et al., 2017). Social drinking often occurs in environments where alcohol is a central element of group interactions, and individuals may partake in drinking to feel included or to conform to group norms. Research indicates that alcohol consumption and binge drinking trends vary significantly by age.

  • Cultural alcoholism is a harmful condition that can lead to alcoholism.
  • During treatment, patients can make use of individual therapy, group counseling and peer support.
  • Over time, excessive drinking can damage the liver, cause heart and brain damage, and lead to mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and suicide.
  • No matter what form of alcohol you drink, if you have trouble cutting down or stopping and your drinking has negative consequences in your life, you likely have a problem with alcohol.
  • More on alcohol

Public Policy’s Role in Mitigating the Impacts of Social Drinking

Mindful drinking, which includes being aware of one’s drinking habits, recognizing the cues that lead to excessive drinking, and developing refusal skills, is another essential strategy. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism highlights that heavy drinking can lead to serious health issues such as liver inflammation, pancreatitis, and increased cancer risks. Additionally, moderate alcohol intake is linked to low health risks for many individuals and may be related to the presence of beneficial compounds like flavonoids found in wine. A 2022 study suggests that alcohol can amplify emotional experiences in social contexts, potentially enhancing the quality of social interactions and contributing to a sense of well-being. This suggests that the digital social environment can also play a significant role in shaping drinking habits. Social drinking patterns also vary by sexual orientation, with data showing that sexual minority women, including lesbians and bisexuals, are more likely to engage in binge drinking than heterosexual women.

Alcohol

In contrast, in other contexts, alcohol may be taboo due to religious or societal prohibitions. It may be helpful to think of alcohol as just another drug that affects your brain. The sober-curious trend is not about addiction necessarily.

  • They don’t typically drink on their own but do so with friends, family, colleagues and so on.
  • Factors at the individual level that impact alcohol consumption are embedded within the family, work, and school settings, which are embedded within the greater community.
  • “A lot of drinking is ‘thoughtless,’ so simply asking yourself, ‘Do I really want another drink?
  • Since alcohol is widely available at many different social events, such as parties, it can be difficult to understand how social drinking vs alcoholism differs.

Clarifying the Meaning of Social Drinking

Likewise, many business networking events take place at bars or restaurants that serve alcohol. Need help with substance abuse or mental health issues? “Alcohol-use disorders are treatable medical conditions.” Making changes early may help you stay ahead of life-altering issues prompted by alcohol abuse, he added. And most importantly, know that it’s totally OK to ask for help. It’s also important that you practice other healthy lifestyle habits, Strobbe said.

When a Drink is More Than Just a Drink: Understanding Cultural Alcoholism and Social Drinking

At Orlando Recovery Center Drug and Alcohol Rehab, we offer many alcohol addiction treatment options led by trained medical professionals. The Global Information System on Alcohol and Health (GISAH) is a tool used to monitor alcohol consumption and policy responses. A comprehensive approach to alcohol control, as suggested by research, includes implementing strategies like pricing and availability controls, clear leadership, and independent evaluation plans.

When Does Social Drinking Become ‘Problem Drinking’?

Cultural alcoholism and social drinking are two sides of the same coin. There is no set amount of alcohol that determines a social drinker, but the CDC characterizes alcohol use as moderate drinking if a female consumes one drink per day, or a male consumes two drinks per day. While social drinking is often viewed as a harmless activity, it carries potential health risks and negative consequences that can impact individuals and society. The psychological need to belong and be accepted by peers can push individuals to engage in social drinking, even when they may not necessarily have a personal desire to consume alcohol. Furthermore, research from the Journal of Adolescent Health indicates that exposure to alcohol consumption through social media can lead to increased drinking and binge drinking behaviors among adolescents (Nesi et al., 2017).

They can generally control their drinking behaviors, limit the amount they consume, and do not experience negative consequences due to their drinking. Social drinkers are those who consume alcohol in moderation, typically not exceeding more than one or two drinks per day. People who suffer from alcoholism experience a wide variety of physical, psychological, social, and emotional problems. The key to social drinking is to drink responsibly while still having fun.

Age-Related Patterns in Social Drinking Behaviors

Social drinking is characterized by widely varying patterns based on cultural norms, age groups, and societal trends. Different cultures have unique traditions, norms, and expectations surrounding alcohol consumption. Social drinking is a multifaceted practice deeply embedded in the cultural tapestry of societies worldwide. Similarly, Greek symposiums were orchestrated gatherings where the host controlled the flow and mixture of wine, using alcohol as a medium for social discourse and connection. For example, ancient Chinese traditions involved elaborate ceremonies before drinking, emphasizing respect and social hierarchy. From ancient rituals to modern social norms, alcohol has played a diverse role in social interactions, cultural practices, and even the development of civilizations.

The (Sometimes Intentionally) Murky Definition Of Social Drinking

Alcoholism can also have drastic consequences on a person’s relationships with family and friends. This can lead to long-term health issues, including liver damage and increased risk of certain cancers. On the other hand, alcoholics are those who become physically and psychologically dependent on alcohol. These issues can have devastating effects on both the alcoholic and their family members.

Alcoholics may also have difficulties controlling their urges to drink and engaging in behaviors that lead to further social or legal problems. They often drink heavily on a regular basis and may experience negative mental and physical health effects as a result of their disorder. Genetics, psychological factors, environmental influences, and social cues can all contribute to the development of alcoholism. Additionally, it is essential to make sure that you are drinking responsibly and not driving while under the influence of alcohol.

Signs of a Drinking Problem

The hospitals do not exclude people or treat them differently because of race, color, national origin, age, disability, ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation or sex. how to get alcohol out of your system We’re ready to make sure you have the support you need to achieve lifelong recovery. Our Treatment Advisors are available 24 hours a day to help you or a loved one access care.

Whether it’s a lively party, a cozy dinner, a joyous celebration, or a casual outing with friends, the primary focus is on the shared experience of being together. Social drinking thrives in environments where individuals gather to unwind, relax, and relish each other’s company. They choose to enjoy a few drinks over an extended period, prioritizing the social aspects of the gathering rather than pursuing intoxication.

At the heart of social drinking lies the principle of moderation. Let’s explore these characteristics in more detail to understand the essence of social drinking! Social drinkers embrace moderation, prioritize the social context, and maintain a healthy relationship with alcohol.

It is important to note that the line between social and heavy drinking can sometimes become blurred. However, certain individuals should avoid alcohol altogether, including those with specific health conditions or those who are pregnant. Treatment programs incorporate evidence-based practices to help individuals learn new skills to cope with triggers for alcohol use and build a strong support system of family, friends, and peers. It is important to note that alcohol is physically addictive, and abruptly stopping drinking can result in potentially fatal withdrawal symptoms. Social drinking rarely results in having more than one or two drinks per hour.

Diet for a Recovering Alcoholic

Addiction doesn’t just impact your brain and behavior—it also takes a toll on your nutritional health. Long-term substance abuse can deplete your body of essential nutrients, leading to malnutrition, a weakened https://www.bragaenaves.com.br/2023/07/31/dehydrating-to-perfection-a-step-by-step-guide-to/ immune system, and other health issues. Many people struggling with addiction often rely on unhealthy foods, like those high in sugar and fat, while missing out on nutrient-rich options.

  • However, putting a focus on achieving proper nutritional intake as well as managing symptoms can provide a better foundation upon which to continue on to inpatient treatment.
  • Poultry, fish, non-citrus fruit, and starchy vegetables such as potatoes are good sources.
  • They guide our mission as accomplished individuals dedicated to improving the landscape of addiction recovery and mental wellness.
  • Recovering from alcohol misuse requires not only psychological support but also a nutritional overhaul to address deficiencies caused by chronic consumption.
  • Experiencing withdrawal symptoms after cutting out alcohol is a very common experience.

More on Substance Abuse and Addiction

But it’s just one of a series of improvements toward rewiring your brain and improving your quality of life. I’ve gotten away with them easily, despite weighing over 250 pounds before I quit drinking. My goal is to live life fully, not to feel deprived and have a 6-pack at all times. First, cooking food in wine (or any other type of liquor) tends to burn off all of the alcohol.

Sugary Food and Drinks

Top Alcohol Recovery Diet Tips

That’s why it’s vital for your safety that you consult a medical professional before you stop drinking. Magnesium and zinc are two minerals that are often depleted in individuals with alcohol use disorder. These minerals play crucial roles in various bodily functions, including energy production, nerve function, and immune system support. Replenishing magnesium and zinc levels can help support overall health and aid in the recovery process.

Eat Plenty of Vegetables

Our levels of care include medical detox, inpatient rehabilitation and intensive outpatient programs (IOPs). No matter where you are in your recovery journey, our team will be there every step of the way. Supplementation and a balanced diet rich in these vitamins can help mitigate the negative health effects caused by alcohol and support the body’s healing process. Chronic alcohol consumption can significantly impair the body’s ability to absorb and utilize essential nutrients, leading to notable vitamin deficiencies. These deficiencies can contribute to a range of health issues that complicate recovery from alcohol dependency. It’s vital for individuals to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most suitable multivitamin for their specific recovery needs.

Walk-In Alcohol Rehab Centers in Central Florida

Top Alcohol Recovery Diet Tips

Whole grains like quinoa and brown rice provide energy and stabilize mood, essential for those recovering from alcohol use disorder. Chronic heavy drinking can significantly deplete essential nutrients in the body, which can worsen anxiety and cravings during detox and subsequent sobriety. Vitamin deficiencies, including vitamins A, B, C, D, and E, as well as minerals like calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc, are commonly observed in individuals with alcohol use disorders.

Top Alcohol Recovery Diet Tips

The right foods and nutrients can have a profound impact on how the body responds to the removal of drugs and alcohol. This includes reducing alcoholism cravings, alleviating withdrawal symptoms, and easing the overall strain detoxification puts on the body. Proper nutrition is not only essential for managing these symptoms but also plays a vital role in promoting long-term recovery. But, even if you’ve experienced cirrhosis, you can still usefood to help speed the healing process. Build your alcohol recovery diet to berich in protein and healthy carbohydrates, with a focus on healthy fats andminimal sugar.

Benzo Detox and Withdrawal Symptoms & Treatment Methods

Before committing to eating certain foods to heal yourbody, you best diet for recovering alcoholic should set realistic expectations. There may be times that you feelcompelled to eat certain foods or a certain volume of food. Those feelings arenormal, but knowing what foods are most helpful to you during this time will beimportant.

It can make the detoxification process more bearable and significantly improve the chances of successful recovery. Our detox center in Huntington Beach, California, specializes in providing a safe environment for people preparing for treatment and recovery. Professional guidance from dietitians and support groups can be instrumental in creating a tailored nutrition plan that addresses both physical and mental health needs during alcohol recovery. A healthy diet is key to repairing the harm caused by alcohol, particularly to the liver and brain. The lack of certain nutrients can lead to depression, anxiety, and mood swings.

  • Having enough protein can help reduce withdrawal symptoms such as nausea, headache, and fatigue.
  • Incorporating a variety of nutrient-dense foods is key to replenishing vital vitamins and minerals that may have been depleted due to alcohol abuse.
  • A diet rich in probiotics, found in foods like yogurt, kefir, and fermented foods, can help promote a healthy gut microbiome.
  • Together, these approaches create a holistic path toward long-term wellness.

Tip 2 – Eat More Good Fats

Recovery.com combines independent research with expert guidance on addiction and mental health treatment. Our mission is to help everyone find the best path to recovery through the most comprehensive, helpful network of treatment providers worldwide. At Surf City Detox in Huntington Beach, CA, we know recovery is tough, but we’re here to support you. Our detox programs are tailored to manage cravings and withdrawal symptoms, with a strong focus on nutrition as part of the recovery process. Staying committed often means changing your lifestyle in severalways, including diet.

25 Best Books On Sobriety And Recovery To Read In 2024

The life of a high-powered New York City magazine editor is undeniably stressful. Add to that the danger of addiction, and you’ve got a recipe for disaster. For years, Dan Peres juggled a deadline-driven career while in the throes of addiction. Teetering on the brink, Peres realizes he must let go of his frenetic lifestyle to reclaim his life https://ecosoberhouse.com/ and kick his (at its peak) 60-pill-a-day habit. She has extensive expertise in psychometric assessments for clinical outcomes and diagnosis, with a recent focus on integrating AI technologies into mental health care.

  • Elton shares his journey through the highs of superstardom and the lows of substance abuse, offering an honest glimpse into how addiction affected his life and relationships.
  • With facilities scattered across the U.S., AAC is a leading provider of evidence-based treatment and mental health services.
  • Drawing from his personal experiences, Brand introduces actionable strategies for overcoming addiction.
  • Furthermore, by candidly sharing his story, Clapton takes readers on a journey from darkness to recovery, offering insight into the challenges and triumphs that shaped one of rock’s greatest icons.
  • Sheff’s experience reminds us that addiction doesn’t just affect individuals; it ripples out to touch everyone who cares about them.
  • This structured method helps clarify complex therapeutic ideas, making them accessible to everyone.

“Sober Curious” By Ruby Warrington

books on addiction recovery

Dr. Lawlis sheds light on the societal factors that contribute to addiction, advocating for a compassionate and holistic approach to addressing this widespread issue. “How to Murder Your Life” by Cat Marnell is a captivating memoir that highlights the tumultuous world of addiction, self-destruction, and eventual redemption. With raw honesty and unfiltered candor, Marnell chronicles her journey from privileged beginnings to the depths of drug use and self-sabotage. Setting boundaries is healthy for the family member as well as the addict. I strongly recommend reading this book if you believe you are in a codependent relationship. Also, she shares her journey through denial, destruction, and ultimately recovery, offering hope and insight for anyone grappling with similar struggles.

  • There are also books in which people tell their story of overcoming addiction – Scar Tissue by Anthony Kiedis from “The Red Hot Chilli Peppers” for example.
  • Maia Szalavitz’s Unbroken Brain offers a fresh take on addiction, flipping the script by presenting it as a learning disorder instead of just a moral failing or a pure disease.
  • Instead, he presents a straightforward viewpoint, showing that it’s perfectly fine to trip up and even chuckle at yourself during the journey.

What are the best books to learn about Substance Abuse?

Kreisman and Straus give readers a thorough insight into the emotional hurdles linked to BPD, such as fears of being abandoned, dramatic emotional changes, and relationship difficulties. By sharing real-life stories and practical tips, they help to unravel the disorder and encourage empathy and understanding among relatives and friends. This book is more than just educational; it promotes a supportive conversation that can be vital for healing and building connections. The way Walker expresses himself is refreshingly authentic; he opens up about his own experiences and thoughts in manners that build a sense of connection and alcoholism symptoms understanding.

“The Unexpected Joy Of Being Sober” By Catherine Gray

Her gentle tone guides readers through the often challenging path of healing from trauma, instilling a belief that recovery is not merely an illusion, but a tangible reality. Clare Pooley’s The Sober Diaries is such a touching and refreshingly open memoir that mixes humor, vulnerability and hope in its journey of overcoming alcohol addiction. Pooley shares her daily experiences of embracing sobriety in her own straightforward and funny way, revealing her challenges, little wins, and best alcoholic memoirs unexpected joys along the path.

books on addiction recovery

Whether you’re just beginning your recovery journey, started reading addiction memoirs for inspiration, or are seeking ways to maintain your sobriety, these books provide guidance, understanding, and support. Remember, recovery is not just about physical sobriety; it’s about finding yourself, healing your past, and creating a future filled with hope and resilience. Overall, incorporating reading into one’s recovery journey can offer numerous benefits. It provides a unique way to gain insight into one’s experiences while also promoting relaxation and self-care.

Dextromethorphan: View Uses, Side Effects and Medicines

Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Do not take other medicines unless they have been discussed with your doctor. Check with your medical doctor or dentist before taking any of the above while you are using this medicine.

  • Dextromethorphan works by decreasing activity in the part of the brain that causes coughing, specifically targeting the cough center in the central nervous system.
  • “Sleep and inflammation in adults and children.” Sleep Medicine Reviews, 30, 1-12.
  • Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of dextromethorphan and quinidine combination in the pediatric population.
  • Do not share this medicine with others.

What should I tell my care team before I take this medication?

It holds minimal interaction with opioid receptors making it safe for OTC products to relieve coughs without phlegm temporarily, i.e., dry coughs providing much-needed relief. It belongs to the morphine class of medications and possesses dissociative, stimulant, and sedative properties. You may not have a choice about taking a medication that disrupts your sleep. But don’t ever stop taking a prescription medicine without talking to your doctor first. But if you’re having trouble sleeping, check the packaging of the meds you take or do some research to see if it’s a possible side effect. Many things other than medications can cause insomnia.

Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is not recommended. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary.

An Overview of Cough Suppressants

It is an opiate that is converted by the liver into morphine, which then has many actions in the brain, including suppressing the cough reflex, sedation, and pain relief. If coughing is significant enough of a bother when dealing with a cold, an OTC cough suppressant usually should be sufficient. Diphenhydramine is found in many OTC cough and cold formulas, especially those designated for nighttime use because it causes drowsiness. Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine commonly used for allergy symptoms and runny nose in colds. If taken in high dosage, dextromethorphan has psychoactive effects, including euphoria, visual distortion, loss of coordination, nausea, and vomiting.

It may change the way your heart beats and cause fainting or serious side effects in some patients. This medicine can dextromethorphan side effects sleep cause changes in heart rhythms, such as a condition called QT prolongation. Also, allow at least 14 days after stopping this medicine before starting an MAO inhibitor (MAOI). Do not use this medicine together with other products containing quinidine, quinine (Qualaquin®), or mefloquine (Lariam®). Blood tests may be needed to check for unwanted effects.

If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Take this medicine exactly as directed by your doctor. The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of this medicine. Using this medicine with any of the following may cause an increased risk of certain side effects but may be unavoidable in some cases.

Dextromethorphan: Frequently Asked Questions Answered

However, if you experience any severe side effects or worsening of any of the symptoms, please consult your doctor. The oral drug theophylline can cause sleep problems, and some inhaled rescue medicines can make you jittery. The FDA labeling requirements established in 2018 note that hydrocodone-containing medications should not be used by anyone under age 18. The danger is that hydrocodone can depress breathing at higher doses, and it can have psychoactive effects. The FDA revised labeling requirements for codeine-containing medications in 2018.

For example, if allergies are contributing to your congestion, your healthcare provider might recommend antihistamines or nasal corticosteroids instead of or in addition to guaifenesin. Persistent or severe sleep disturbances warrant a consultation with a healthcare provider. Considering alternative medications or treatments might be necessary if guaifenesin’s impact on your sleep is severe or persistent.

It’s a go-to remedy for many people suffering from colds, flu, or other respiratory conditions that cause excessive mucus production. Guaifenesin is an expectorant, a type of medication designed to thin and loosen mucus in the airways, making it easier to cough up and clear congestion. Snuggled under your cozy blanket, you never imagined that the very medicine soothing your cough could be the culprit behind your restless nights. We are not responsible for any outcomes based on this information and strongly recommend consulting a doctor for any medical concerns or questions. It works by suppressing the cough reflex in the brain, helping you cough less and sleep better. Dextromethorphan hydrobromide syrup is used to relieve dry cough caused by colds, flu, or throat irritation.

Are There Any Age Restrictions for Using Dextromethorphan?

This medicine will add to the effects of alcohol and other CNS depressants (medicines that make you drowsy or less alert). Check with your doctor first before taking any other medicines. Make sure your doctor knows about all the other medicines you are using. Grapefruits and grapefruit juice may increase the effects of dextromethorphan and quinidine combination by increasing the amount of this medicine in your body.

What is the Use of Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide Syrup?

The medication is available in various forms, including Dextromethorphan hydrobromide syrup, which is especially popular due to its fast action and ease of use. Get the in-person or virtual care you need. Throw away any unused medication after the expiration date. Keep out of the reach of children.

What is this medication?

Doctors don’t know why, but insomnia is a common side effect of these medicines. Heart medications. If you have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep, check your medicine cabinet. It isn’t precisely known how it suppresses coughs, but researchers believe it acts directly on the cough center in the brain. They warn that they should not be taken by children and teens under age 18. It acts in the medulla of the brain to suppress the cough reflex.

Sleep Deprivation: Negative Effects on Health, Performance, and Well-being

Furthermore, studies have not shown that any OTC product improves acute cough significantly in children or adults. It is often the active ingredient in cough syrups, gel caps, lozenges, and combination cough and cold formulas. While searching for the best cough medicine, you will find several over-the-counter (OTC) cough suppressants that contain the drugs dextromethorpan or diphenhydramine. Taking dextromethorphan in large amounts can cause serious side effects. It’s used to temporarily relieve a cough caused by the common cold or flu. Each clinician should consider these findings, the potential for adverse effects, and the individual and cumulative costs of the drugs before recommending them to families.

For instance, those with sleep apnea might find that guaifenesin’s mucus-thinning effects provide some relief, potentially improving sleep quality. Individuals with pre-existing sleep disorders, respiratory conditions, or other health issues may experience different or more pronounced effects from the medication. Interactions with other medications or substances can also influence guaifenesin’s impact on sleep.

  • It holds minimal interaction with opioid receptors making it safe for OTC products to relieve coughs without phlegm temporarily, i.e., dry coughs providing much-needed relief.
  • Insomnia was reported more frequently in those who were given dextromethorphan, and drowsiness was reported more commonly in those who were given diphenhydramine.
  • Underlying health conditions can also play a role in how guaifenesin affects sleep.
  • It’s used to temporarily relieve a cough caused by the common cold or flu.

They can keep you from getting enough deep REM (rapid eye movement) sleep and make you feel sleepy during the day.

Underlying health conditions can also play a role in how guaifenesin affects sleep. Additionally, substances like caffeine or alcohol can interact with guaifenesin and further impact sleep quality. It’s worth noting that tolerance can develop over time, potentially changing the medication’s effects with prolonged use. Some people may be more susceptible to its effects on sleep, while others might experience minimal impact. Conversely, taking it earlier in the day might minimize nighttime effects but could potentially impact daytime alertness.

Relationship between loneliness and internet addiction: a meta-analysis Full Text

At the same time, it is important to recognize that the experience of solitude can be sought-after, and that this itself can provide a motivation of substance use. Recent theorisation of solitude has challenged its inevitable characterization as pathological (13), highlighting the importance of time spent alone for well-being (14, 15). Moreover, collective desire for solitude can itself be a source of shared experience (16). It is therefore necessary to distinguish between solitude as deliberate withdrawal, and isolation as an involuntary loss (or non-existence) of social ties, implying an absence of or alienation from social relationships. The state of being alone can be intentional or unintentional; destructive or restorative; situational or existential